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Anti-statism is any approach to social, economic or political philosophy that rejects statism. An anti-statist is one who opposes state.^[1] In anarchism, this is characterized by a complete rejection of all social hierarchical rulership. Acracy The negation of rule or "government by none". While "anarchy" refers to the absence of a hierarchical society-organizing power principle, "acracy" refers to the absence of coercion; the condition of acracy is one of voluntary order. Derived from the Greek α- [no] and κρατία [system of government]. Although minarchist is considered by many of it' supporters as anti-statist, it accepts minimal state making it statist.

Overview

Anti-statism is present in a variety of greatly differing positions and encompasses an array of diametric concepts and practices. Anti-statists differ greatly according to the beliefs they hold in addition to anti-statism as significant difficulty in determining whether a thinker or philosophy is anti-statist is the problem of defining the state itself.

Terminology has changed over time and past writers often used the word state in a different sense than we use it today. Anarchist Mikhail Bakunin used the term simply to mean a governing organization while other writers used the term state to mean any lawmaking or law enforcement agency. Revolutionary socialist Karl Marx defined the state as the institution used by the ruling class of a country to maintain the conditions of its rule. According to liberal Max Weber, the state is an organization with an effective legal monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force in a particular geographic area.^[2]^[3] Autarcho-capitalist Murray Rothbard views the power of the public state as unjustified, arguing that it restricts individual rights and prosperity, and creates social and economic problems.^[4]

Topics

Stateless society is a society that is not governed by a state. In stateless societies, there is little concentration of authority; most positions of authority that do exist are very limited in power and are generally not permanently-held positions; and social bodies that resolve disputes through predefined rules tend to be small. Different stateless societies feature highly variable economic systems and cultural practices.
Anti-militarism is the opposition to "military rule, high military expenditure or the imposition of foreign bases".^[5] It is an opposition to statist military policy, especially nuclear armament, and is closely associated with pacifism.^[6]^[7] Anarcho-pacifism is a radical form of these principles.^[7]
Direct action is a term for economic and political behavior in which participants use agency—for example economic or physical power—to achieve their goals. The aim of direct action is to either obstruct a certain practice (such as a government's laws or actions) or to solve perceived problems (such as social inequality). Direct action may include activities, often nonviolent but possibly violent, targeting people, groups, institutions, actions, or property that its participants deem objectionable. Nonviolent direct action may include civil disobedience, sit-ins, strikes, and counter-economics. Violent direct action may include political violence, assault, arson, sabotage, and property destruction.
Mutual aid is an organizational model where voluntary, collaborative exchanges of resources and services for common benefit take place amongst community members to overcome social, economic, and political barriers to meeting common needs. This can include physical resources like food, clothing, or medicine, as well as services like breakfast programs or education.
Disinformation is false information spread deliberately to deceive.
Revolution is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's state, class, ethnic or religious structures.[1][2][3] A revolution involves the attempted change in political regimes, substantial mass mobilization, and efforts to force change through non-institutionalized means (such as mass demonstrations, protests, strikes, or violence).
Workers' self-management, also referred to as labor management and organizational self-management, is a form of organizational management based on self-directed work processes on the part of an organization's workforce.
Self-governance is the ability of a group or individual to exercise all necessary functions of regulation without intervention from an external authority.
Surveillance saw the advent of technologies such as high speed surveillance computers and biometrics software. As governments now possess an unprecedented ability to monitor the activities of their subjects, many civil rights and privacy groups have expressed concern that allowing continual increases in government surveillance of citizens will end up in a mass surveillance society, with extremely limited, or non-existent political and personal freedoms.
Anti-corporate activism is activism directed against the private sector, particularly larger corporations. It is premised on the belief that the activities and impacts of big business are detrimental to the good of the public and democratic process.
Affinity group is a small non-hierarchical collective of individuals who collaborate on direct action via consensus decision-making.[

Forms

Besides Cynicism (contemporary) and Nihilism, there are:

Political theories

Template:See more Anti-statism is a common element in anarchist and libertarian political philosophy. Anarchist schools of thought have been generally grouped into two main historical traditions, social anarchism and individualist anarchism, owing to their different origins, values and evolution. The individualist current emphasises negative liberty in opposing restraints upon the free individual, while the social current emphasises positive liberty in aiming to achieve the free potential of society through equality and social ownership. In a chronological sense, anarchism can be segmented by the classical currents of the late 19th century and the post-classical currents (anarcha-feminism, green anarchism, and post-anarchism) developed thereafter.

Beyond the specific factions of anarchist movements which constitute political anarchism lies philosophical anarchism which holds that the state lacks moral legitimacy, without necessarily accepting the imperative of revolution to eliminate it. A component especially of individualist anarchism, philosophical anarchism may tolerate the existence of a minimal state but claims that citizens have no moral obligation to obey government when it conflicts with individual autonomy. Anarchism pays significant attention to moral arguments since ethics have a central role in anarchist philosophy. Anarchism's emphasis on anti-capitalism, egalitarianism, and for the extension of community and individuality sets it apart from anarcho-capitalism and other types of economic neoliberalism.

Anarchism is usually placed on the far-left of the political spectrum. Much of its economics and legal philosophy reflect anti-authoritarian, anti-statist, libertarian, and radical interpretations of left-wing and socialist politics such as collectivism, communism, individualism, mutualism, and syndicalism, among other libertarian socialist economic theories. As anarchism does not offer a fixed body of doctrine from a single particular worldview, many anarchist types and traditions exist and varieties of anarchy diverge widely. One reaction against sectarianism within the anarchist milieu was anarchism without adjectives, a call for toleration and unity among anarchists first adopted by Fernando Tarrida del Mármol in 1889 in response to the bitter debates of anarchist theory at the time. Belief in political nihilism has been espoused by anarchists. Despite separation, the various anarchist schools of thought are not seen as distinct entities but rather as tendencies that intermingle and are connected through a set of shared principles such as autonomy, mutual aid, anti-authoritarianism and decentralisation.

Anarchism

Objection to the state and its institutions is a sine qua non of anarchism. Anarchists consider the state as a tool of domination and believe it to be illegitimate regardless of its political tendencies. Instead of people being able to control the aspects of their life, major decisions are taken by a small elite. Authority ultimately rests solely on power, regardless of whether that power is open or transparent, as it still has the ability to coerce people. Another anarchist argument against states is that the people constituting a government, even the most altruistic among officials, will unavoidably seek to gain more power, leading to corruption. Anarchists consider the idea that the state is the collective will of the people to be an unachievable fiction due to the fact that the ruling class is distinct from the rest of society.

Marxism

Marxism approaches to anti-statism centre on the relationship between political rule and class struggle. Karl Marx defined the state as the institution used by the ruling class of a country to maintain the conditions of its rule. To this extent, the ultimate goal of communist society was theorized as both stateless and classless.

Egoism

In egoist philosophy, self-interest is held as the grounding principle of human action, morality or both. Max Stirner proposes that most commonly accepted social institutions such as the notion of state, morality and property rights are mere illusions or ghosts in the mind. In this way, noncompliance to government authority is always justified.

Anarcho-capitalism

Anarcho-capitalism opposes the public state, instead favoring private voluntary states, such as private security corporations.^[8]^[9]

Political movements may adopt anti-statist principles for other reasons such as aesthetic, ideological or religious beliefs, or as a result of social or political marginalization. Examples of this may include resistance movements under military occupation or a conflicting regime.

Syndicalism

Syndicalists agreed with Karl Marx's characterization of the state as the "executive committee of the ruling class". They held that a society's economic order determined its political order and concluded that the former could not be overthrown by changes to the latter. Many of historical syndicalists proposed federal syndicates to replace states.

References

^ Gallaher, Carolyn; Dahlman, Carl T.; Gilmartin, Mary; Mountz, Alison; Shirlow, Peter (2009). Key Concepts in Political Geography. London: SAGE. pp. 260, 392. ISBN 978-1-4129-4672-8. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
^ Barrow, Clyde W. (2002). "The Miliband-Poulantzas Debate: An Intellectual History". In Aronowitz, Stanley; Bratsis, Peter (eds.). Paradigm Lost: State Theory Reconsidered. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-3293-0.
^ Cudworth, Erika (2007). The Modern State: Theories and Ideologies. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2176-7.
^ Costa, Daniel (2022-10-21). "Anarcho-capitalism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ Cockburn, Cynthia (2012). Antimilitarism: Political and Gender Dynamics of Peace Movements. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 2. ISBN 978-0230359758.
^ Woodcock, George (2004) [1962]. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press. ISBN 9781551116297.
^ ^a ^b Ostergaard, Geoffrey. Resisting the Nation State: The Pacifist and Anarchist Tradition. Peace Pledge. Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2019-11-27.
^ Morriss, Andrew P. (2008-08-15). "Anarcho-Capitalism". Libertarianism.org. Retrieved 2022-08-21. Although most anarchists oppose all large institutions, public or private, anarcho-capitalists oppose the public state, but not private actors with significant market power, which are seen as private states by left-wing anti-statists.
^ Geloso, Vincent; Leeson, Peter T. (2020). "Are Anarcho-Capitalists Insane? Medieval Icelandic Conflict Institutions in Comparative Perspective". Revue d'économie politique. 130 (6): 957–974. doi:10.3917/redp.306.0115. ISSN 0373-2630. S2CID 235008718. Anarcho-capitalism is a variety of libertarianism according to which all government institutions can and should be replaced by private ones.

[1] Gallaher, Carolyn; Dahlman, Carl T.; Gilmartin, Mary; Mountz, Alison; Shirlow, Peter (2009). Key Concepts in Political Geography. London: SAGE. pp. 260, 392. ISBN 978-1-4129-4672-8. Retrieved 31 July 2014.

[2] Barrow, Clyde W. (2002). "The Miliband-Poulantzas Debate: An Intellectual History". In Aronowitz, Stanley; Bratsis, Peter (eds.). Paradigm Lost: State Theory Reconsidered. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-3293-0.

[3] Cudworth, Erika (2007). The Modern State: Theories and Ideologies. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2176-7.

[:8-4] Costa, Daniel (2022-10-21). "Anarcho-capitalism". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2022-10-25.

[5] Cockburn, Cynthia (2012). Antimilitarism: Political and Gender Dynamics of Peace Movements. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 2. ISBN 978-0230359758.

[Woodcock1962-6] Woodcock, George (2004) [1962]. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press. ISBN 9781551116297.

[Ostergaard-7] Ostergaard, Geoffrey. Resisting the Nation State: The Pacifist and Anarchist Tradition. Peace Pledge. Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2019-11-27.

[:3-8] Morriss, Andrew P. (2008-08-15). "Anarcho-Capitalism". Libertarianism.org. Retrieved 2022-08-21. Although most anarchists oppose all large institutions, public or private, anarcho-capitalists oppose the public state, but not private actors with significant market power, which are seen as private states by left-wing anti-statists.

[9] Geloso, Vincent; Leeson, Peter T. (2020). "Are Anarcho-Capitalists Insane? Medieval Icelandic Conflict Institutions in Comparative Perspective". Revue d'économie politique. 130 (6): 957–974. doi:10.3917/redp.306.0115. ISSN 0373-2630. S2CID 235008718. Anarcho-capitalism is a variety of libertarianism according to which all government institutions can and should be replaced by private ones.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Opposition to state intervention}}
+{{Short description|Opposition to state}}
 {{distinguish|Anti-authoritarianism}}
 {{anarchism sidebar|related}}
+{{libertarianism sidebar|related}}
+{{libertarian socialism sidebar|related}}
+'''Anti-statism''' is any approach to [[Social philosophy|social]], [[Economic ideology|economic]] or [[political philosophy]] that rejects [[statism]]. An anti-statist is one who opposes [[State (polity)|state]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gallaher|first1=Carolyn|author-link1=Carolyn Gallaher|last2=Dahlman|first2=Carl T.|last3=Gilmartin|first3=Mary|last4=Mountz|first4=Alison|last5=Shirlow|first5=Peter|year=2009|title=Key Concepts in Political Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpBJclVnVdQC&pg=PA260|publisher=SAGE|location=London|pages=260, 392|isbn=978-1-4129-4672-8|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> In [[anarchism]], this is characterized by a complete rejection of all social [[Hierarchical organization|hierarchical]] rulership. Acracy
-'''Anti-statism''' is an approach to [[Social philosophy|social]], [[Economic ideology|economic]] or [[political philosophy]] that opposes the influence of the [[State (polity)|state]] over [[society]]. It emerged in reaction to the formation of modern [[sovereign state]]s, which anti-statists considered to work against the interests of the people. During the 19th century, [[anarchism|anarchists]] formulated a critique of the state that upheld the inherently [[cooperation|cooperative]] and [[decentralisation|decentralised]] aspects of human society. Anti-statism was later taken up by [[neoliberalism]], which sought to cut state investment in the [[public sector]] and expand investment in the [[private sector]]. This caused a reaction from anti-statist social movements, which, now disconnected from state benefits, sought to overthrow or [[limited government|limit]] state systems, respectively through [[guerrilla warfare]] or by establishing decentralised and autonomous [[local government|local institutions]].
+The negation of rule or "government by none". While "anarchy" refers to the absence of a hierarchical society-organizing power principle, "acracy" refers to the absence of coercion; the condition of acracy is one of voluntary order. Derived from the Greek α- [no] and κρατία [system of government]. Although minarchist is considered by many of it' supporters as anti-statist, it accepts minimal state making it statist.
-==Background==
+== Overview ==
+Anti-statism is present in a variety of greatly differing positions and encompasses an array of diametric concepts and practices. Anti-statists differ greatly according to the beliefs they hold in addition to anti-statism as significant difficulty in determining whether a thinker or philosophy is anti-statist is the problem of defining the [[State (polity)|state]] itself.
-The modern conception of the [[sovereign state]] emerged in the wake of the [[Peace of Westphalia]], which defined the rights, obligations and boundaries of states, replacing the old system of [[feudalism]]. The consolidation of these new European states was supported by the concurrent rise of [[colonialism]] and [[Mercantilism|mercantile capitalism]], which built an economic base for sovereign states to establish a [[monopoly on violence]] and organise a [[bureaucracy]].{{Sfn|Gallaher|2009|p=260}} Anti-statist tendencies were constituted to critique and oppose the modern bureaucratic state, which anti-statism considers to be inherently [[tyranny|tyrannical]] and to act against individual [[liberty]].{{Sfn|Gallaher|2009|pp=260-261}}
+Terminology has changed over time and past writers often used the word state in a different sense than we use it today. [[Anarchist]] [[Mikhail Bakunin]] used the term simply to mean a governing organization while other writers used the term state to mean any lawmaking or law enforcement agency. [[Revolutionary socialist]] [[Karl Marx]] defined the state as the institution used by the ruling class of a country to maintain the conditions of its rule. According to [[Liberalism|liberal]] [[Max Weber]], the state is an organization with an effective legal monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force in a particular geographic area.<ref>{{cite book|title=Paradigm Lost: State Theory Reconsidered|last=Barrow|first=Clyde W.|editor-last1=Aronowitz|editor-first1=Stanley|editor2-last=Bratsis|editor-first2=Peter|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=occGXv3T0ycC&pg=PA3|chapter=The Miliband-Poulantzas Debate: An Intellectual History|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8166-3293-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pr8tAAAAYAAJ|title=The Modern State: Theories and Ideologies|last=Cudworth|first=Erika|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7486-2176-7}}</ref> [[Autarchism|Autarcho-capitalist]] [[Murray Rothbard]] views the power of the public state as unjustified, arguing that it restricts individual rights and prosperity, and creates social and economic problems.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Costa |first=Daniel |date=2022-10-21 |title=Anarcho-capitalism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/anarcho-capitalism |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref>
-==Development==
-A formalised opposition to the modern sovereign state began to emerge during the 19th century, as various political tendencies started arguing that states worked in counter to people's "natural tendency" towards [[decentralisation]]. These anti-statists argued that [[centralisation]] promoted state interests and subordinated popular interests, and considered the main motivation of states to be [[Expansionism|territorial expansion]], which they believed would inevitably result in inter-state [[war]].{{Sfn|Gallaher|2009|p=261}} Among the first anti-statists were [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]], who in their work ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'', written during the [[Revolutions of 1848]], argued that the [[capitalist state]] operated against the interests of the [[working class]] and called for a [[revolution]] to overthrow existing states and establish a [[free association of producers]] in their place.{{Sfn|Gallaher|2009|p=261}}
+== Topics ==
-One branch of anti-statism soon developed into the political philosophy of [[anarchism]], which through the works of [[Peter Kropotkin]] and [[Elisée Reclus]], constituted a [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalist argument]] against the state.{{Sfn|Gallaher|2009|pp=261-262}} Kropotkin theorised that [[human evolution]] had been driven by a process of [[Mutual aid (organization theory)|mutual aid]] and that humanity's natural tendency towards [[cooperation]] had thus influenced its [[sociocultural evolution]].{{Sfn|Gallaher|2009|p=262}} Kropotkin believed that capitalism and statism acted against human society's natural tendency towards cooperation and decentralisation, and viewed the territorial expansionism of modern states, including that of the [[Russian Soviet Republic]], as antithetical to [[human geography]].{{Sfn|Gallaher|2009|pp=262-263}} Reclus likewise criticised state [[border]]s as inherently "artificial" as they did not tend to corresponded with [[natural region]]s, and saw violent conflict as an inevitable consequence of a state's territorial expansionism, which he criticised as pitting humanity against nature.{{Sfn|Gallaher|2009|p=263}}
+* [[Stateless society]] is a society that is not governed by a state. In stateless societies, there is little concentration of authority; most positions of authority that do exist are very limited in power and are generally not permanently-held positions; and social bodies that resolve disputes through predefined rules tend to be small. Different stateless societies feature highly variable economic systems and cultural practices.
+* [[Anti-militarism]] is the opposition to "[[Military dictatorship|military rule]], high military expenditure or the imposition of foreign bases".<ref>{{cite book|title=Antimilitarism: Political and Gender Dynamics of Peace Movements|last=Cockburn|first=Cynthia|year=2012|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=2|isbn=978-0230359758}}</ref> It is an opposition to statist [[military policy]], especially [[nuclear armament]], and is closely associated with pacifism.<ref name=Woodcock1962>{{cite book|last=Woodcock|first=George|title=[[Anarchism (Woodcock book)|Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements]]|orig-year=1962|year=2004|publisher=Broadview Press|location=Peterborough, Ontario|isbn=9781551116297}}</ref><ref name=Ostergaard>{{cite book|url=http://www.ppu.org.uk/e_publications/dd-trad8.html#anarch%20and%20violence|title=Resisting the Nation State: The Pacifist and Anarchist Tradition|last=Ostergaard|first=Geoffrey|publisher=Peace Pledge|access-date=2019-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514052437/http://www.ppu.org.uk/e_publications/dd-trad8.html#anarch%20and%20violence|archive-date=2011-05-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Anarcho-pacifism]] is a radical form of these principles.<ref name=Ostergaard/>
+* [[Direct action]] is a term for economic and political behavior in which participants use agency—for example economic or physical power—to achieve their goals. The aim of direct action is to either obstruct a certain practice (such as a government's laws or actions) or to solve perceived problems (such as social inequality). Direct action may include activities, often nonviolent but possibly violent, targeting people, groups, institutions, actions, or property that its participants deem objectionable. Nonviolent direct action may include civil disobedience, sit-ins, strikes, and counter-economics. Violent direct action may include political violence, assault, arson, sabotage, and property destruction.
+* [[Mutual aid]] is an organizational model where voluntary, collaborative exchanges of resources and services for common benefit take place amongst community members to overcome social, economic, and political barriers to meeting common needs. This can include physical resources like food, clothing, or medicine, as well as services like breakfast programs or education.
+* [[Disinformation]] is false information spread deliberately to deceive.
+*[[Revolution]] is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's state, class, ethnic or religious structures.[1][2][3] A revolution involves the attempted change in political regimes, substantial mass mobilization, and efforts to force change through non-institutionalized means (such as mass demonstrations, protests, strikes, or violence).
+*[[Workers' self-management]], also referred to as labor management and organizational self-management, is a form of organizational management based on self-directed work processes on the part of an organization's workforce.
+* [[Self-governance]] is the ability of a group or individual to exercise all necessary functions of regulation without intervention from an external authority.
+* [[Surveillance]] saw the advent of technologies such as [[Computer and network surveillance|high speed surveillance computers]] and [[Surveillance#Biometric|biometrics]] software. As governments now possess an unprecedented ability to monitor the activities of their subjects, many [[civil rights]] and [[privacy]] groups have expressed concern that allowing continual increases in government surveillance of citizens will end up in a [[mass surveillance]] society, with extremely limited, or non-existent political and personal freedoms.
+* [[Anti-corporate activism]] is activism directed against the private sector, particularly larger corporations. It is premised on the belief that the activities and impacts of big business are detrimental to the good of the public and democratic process.
+* Affinity group is a small non-hierarchical collective of individuals who collaborate on direct action via consensus decision-making.[
+== Forms ==
-In the 20th century, anti-statism evolved in two directions, one that sought to "hollow out the state" and another that sought to create a movement to overthrow the state.{{Sfn|Gallaher|2009|p=263}} The former tendency coagulated into [[neoliberalism]], which aimed to undo [[Keynesianism|Keynesian reforms]] by cutting state investment in [[public infrastructure]] and [[welfare]] and instituting [[deregulation]], rather than abolishing the state entirely. Neoliberals tend to advocate for ''[[laissez-faire]]'' economics, preferring to invest in the [[private sector]] rather than the [[public sector]], as they think the former will provide a greater benefit to society than the latter.{{Sfn|Gallaher|2009|pp=263-264}} In contrast, anti-statist social movements can seek to either [[limited government|limit]] or eliminate the influence of the state, either through violent or non-violent means. Some carry out [[guerrilla warfare]] against the state, while others attempt to establish a form of [[autonomy]] from the state or decentralise power to [[local government|local institutions]]. In many cases, these social movements emerged in reaction against the policies of neoliberalism, as less people felt invested in a state that was increasingly divesting from the public sector.{{Sfn|Gallaher|2009|p=264}}
+Besides [[Cynicism (contemporary)]] and [[Nihilism]], there are:
-== References ==
+=== Political theories ===
+{{libertarianism sidebar|concepts}}
-{{reflist|2}}
+{{see more|Anarchist schools of thought}}
+Anti-statism is a common element in [[anarchist]] and [[libertarian]] political philosophy. Anarchist schools of thought have been generally grouped into two main historical traditions, social anarchism and individualist anarchism, owing to their different origins, values and evolution. The individualist current emphasises negative liberty in opposing restraints upon the free individual, while the social current emphasises positive liberty in aiming to achieve the free potential of society through equality and social ownership. In a chronological sense, anarchism can be segmented by the classical currents of the late 19th century and the post-classical currents (anarcha-feminism, green anarchism, and post-anarchism) developed thereafter.
+Beyond the specific factions of anarchist movements which constitute political anarchism lies philosophical anarchism which holds that the state lacks moral legitimacy, without necessarily accepting the imperative of revolution to eliminate it. A component especially of individualist anarchism, philosophical anarchism may tolerate the existence of a minimal state but claims that citizens have no moral obligation to obey government when it conflicts with individual autonomy. Anarchism pays significant attention to moral arguments since ethics have a central role in anarchist philosophy. Anarchism's emphasis on anti-capitalism, egalitarianism, and for the extension of community and individuality sets it apart from anarcho-capitalism and other types of economic neoliberalism.
-==Bibliography==
-{{refbegin|2}}
-*{{cite book|last=Cudworth|first=Erika|year=2007|chapter=Anarchism: the Politics of Anti-Statism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pr8tAAAAYAAJ|editor-first1=Erika|editor-last1=Cudworth|editor-first2=Timothy|editor-last2=Hall|editor-first3=John|editor-last3=McGovern|title=The Modern State: Theories and Ideologies|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7486-2176-7|doi=10.1515/9780748629565-008|pp=137-158}}
-*{{cite book|last=Gallaher|first=Carolyn|author-link=Carolyn Gallaher|chapter=Anti-Statism|editor-last1=Gallaher|editor-first1=Carolyn|editor-last2=Dahlman|editor-first2=Carl T.|editor-last3=Gilmartin|editor-first3=Mary|editor-last4=Mountz|editor-first4=Alison|editor-last5=Shirlow|editor-first5=Peter|year=2009|title=Key Concepts in Political Geography|url=https://archive.org/details/keyconceptsinpol0000unse/page/260/|publisher=[[Sage Publishing|SAGE]]|pp=260-271|isbn=978-1-4129-4672-8}}
-{{refend}}
+Anarchism is usually placed on the far-left of the political spectrum. Much of its economics and legal philosophy reflect anti-authoritarian, anti-statist, libertarian, and radical interpretations of left-wing and socialist politics such as collectivism, communism, individualism, mutualism, and syndicalism, among other libertarian socialist economic theories. As anarchism does not offer a fixed body of doctrine from a single particular worldview, many anarchist types and traditions exist and varieties of anarchy diverge widely. One reaction against sectarianism within the anarchist milieu was anarchism without adjectives, a call for toleration and unity among anarchists first adopted by Fernando Tarrida del Mármol in 1889 in response to the bitter debates of anarchist theory at the time. Belief in political nihilism has been espoused by anarchists. Despite separation, the various anarchist schools of thought are not seen as distinct entities but rather as tendencies that intermingle and are connected through a set of shared principles such as autonomy, mutual aid, anti-authoritarianism and decentralisation.
-==Further reading==
-{{refbegin|2}}
-*{{cite book|last=Carter|first=April|author-link=April Carter|title=The Political Theory of Anarchism|url=https://archive.org/details/politicaltheoryo0000cart|year=1971|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-55593-7}} <!--pp. 56, 76 -->
-*{{cite book|last=Cockburn|first=Cynthia|year=2012|title=Antimilitarism: Political and Gender Dynamics of Peace Movements|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0230359758}}
+=== Anarchism ===
-*{{cite book|url=http://www.ppu.org.uk/e_publications/dd-trad8.html#anarch%20and%20violence|title=Resisting the Nation State: The Pacifist and Anarchist Tradition|last=Ostergaard|first=Geoffrey|publisher=Peace Pledge|access-date=2019-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514052437/http://www.ppu.org.uk/e_publications/dd-trad8.html#anarch%20and%20violence|archive-date=2011-05-14|url-status=dead}}
-{{refend}}
+{{main|Anarchism}}
+Objection to the state and its institutions is a sine qua non of anarchism. Anarchists consider the state as a tool of domination and believe it to be illegitimate regardless of its political tendencies. Instead of people being able to control the aspects of their life, major decisions are taken by a small elite. Authority ultimately rests solely on power, regardless of whether that power is open or transparent, as it still has the ability to coerce people. Another anarchist argument against states is that the people constituting a government, even the most altruistic among officials, will unavoidably seek to gain more power, leading to corruption. Anarchists consider the idea that the state is the collective will of the people to be an unachievable fiction due to the fact that the ruling class is distinct from the rest of society.
+=== Marxism ===
+{{main|Marxism}}
+[[Marxist|Marxism]] approaches to anti-statism centre on the relationship between political rule and [[class struggle]]. [[Karl Marx]] defined the state as the institution used by the [[ruling class]] of a country to maintain the conditions of its rule. To this extent, the ultimate goal of [[communist society]] was theorized as both [[Stateless society|stateless]] and [[Classless society|classless]].
+=== Egoism ===
+{{main|Egoist anarchism|l1=Egoism}}
+In egoist philosophy, [[self-interest]] is held as the grounding principle of human action, [[morality]] or both. [[Max Stirner]] proposes that most commonly accepted social institutions such as the notion of state, morality and [[property rights]] are mere illusions or ghosts in the mind. In this way, noncompliance to government authority is always justified.
+=== Anarcho-capitalism ===
+{{Main articles|Anarcho-capitalism}}
+Anarcho-capitalism opposes the public state, instead favoring private voluntary states, such as private security corporations.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Morriss |first=Andrew P. |date=2008-08-15 |title=Anarcho-Capitalism |url=https://www.libertarianism.org/topics/anarcho-capitalism |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=Libertarianism.org |quote=Although most anarchists oppose all large institutions, public or private, anarcho-capitalists oppose the public state, but not private actors with significant market power, which are seen as private states by left-wing anti-statists.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Geloso |first1=Vincent |last2=Leeson |first2=Peter T. |date=2020 |title=Are Anarcho-Capitalists Insane? Medieval Icelandic Conflict Institutions in Comparative Perspective |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-economie-politique-2020-6-page-957.htm |journal=Revue d'économie politique |language=en |volume=130 |issue=6 |pages=957–974 |doi=10.3917/redp.306.0115 |issn=0373-2630 |quote=Anarcho-capitalism is a variety of libertarianism according to which all government institutions can and should be replaced by private ones. |s2cid=235008718|doi-access=free }}</ref>
+Political movements may adopt anti-statist principles for other reasons such as [[aesthetic]], [[ideological]] or [[religious]] beliefs, or as a result of social or political [[marginalization]]. Examples of this may include [[resistance movement]]s under [[military occupation]] or a conflicting [[regime]].
+=== Syndicalism ===
+{{Main articles|Syndicalism}}
+Syndicalists agreed with Karl Marx's characterization of the state as the "executive committee of the ruling class". They held that a society's economic order determined its political order and concluded that the former could not be overthrown by changes to the latter. Many of historical syndicalists proposed federal syndicates to replace states.
+== See also ==
+{{Portal|Anarchism|Libertarianism}}
+* [[Anarchism]]
+* [[Mutualism (economic theory)]]
+* [[Anarchist communism]]
+* [[Stateless society]]
+* [[Communism]]
+* [[Communist society]]
+* [[Libertarian socialism]]
+* [[Definition of anarchism and libertarianism]]
+* [[Issues in anarchism]]
+* [[Libertarianism]]
+* [[Corporatocracy]]
+* [[Minarchism]]
+* [[State capitalism]]
+* [[Authoritarianism]]
+* [[Corporatism]]
+* [[Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism]]
+* [[Oxymoron]]
+== References ==
+<references/>
 {{anarchism}}
+{{libertarian socialism}}
 {{libertarianism}}