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The controversy escalated as the UK government declined to introduce single-jab alternatives (which would have required licenced products to become available), based on the contention most closely associated with Dr David Salisbury, UK director of immunisation, that the risk of prolonging the period before children were immunised against all three diseases was greater than any credible risk of harm from combining them. Single vaccines, spaced a year apart, would expose children to greater risk of infection, as well as additional distress and expense. He stated that no evidence had been produced upon which to adopt such a policy.
The controversy escalated as the UK government declined to introduce single-jab alternatives (which would have required licenced products to become available), based on the contention most closely associated with Dr David Salisbury, UK director of immunisation, that the risk of prolonging the period before children were immunised against all three diseases was greater than any credible risk of harm from combining them. Single vaccines, spaced a year apart, would expose children to greater risk of infection, as well as additional distress and expense. He stated that no evidence had been produced upon which to adopt such a policy.


In December 2001, Wakefield resigned from the Royal Free Hospital, saying, "I have been asked to go because my research results are unpopular."<ref name="unpopular">{{cite news|first=Lorraine |last=Fraser |title=Anti-MMR doctor is forced out |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1364080/Anti-MMR-doctor-is-forced-out.html |work=The Daily Telegraph|date=2001-12-02 |accessdate=2009-03-29 | location=London}}</ref> The medical school said that he had left "by mutual agreement." In February 2002, Wakefield stated, "What precipitated this crisis was the removal of the single vaccine, the removal of choice, and that is what has caused the furore - because the doctors, the gurus, are treating the public as though they are some kind of moronic mass who cannot make an informed decision for themselves."<ref name=WhyIOwe>{{cite news | author = Wakefield, Andrew | title = Why I owe it to parents to question triple vaccine | publisher = Sunday Herald | date = 2002-02-10 | url = http://www.sundayherald.com/22194 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20030803151022/http://www.sundayherald.com/22194 | archivedate = 2003-08-03 | accessdate = 2007-08-10 }}</ref>
In December 2001, Wakefield resigned from the Royal Free Hospital, saying, "I have been asked to go because my research results are unpopular."<ref name="unpopular">{{cite news|first=Lorraine |last=Fraser |title=Anti-MMR doctor is forced out |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1364080/Anti-MMR-doctor-is-forced-out.html |work=The Daily Telegraph|date=2001-12-02 |accessdate=2009-03-29 | location=London}}</ref> The medical school said that he had left "by mutual agreement." In February 2002, Wakefield stated, "What precipitated this crisis was the removal of the single vaccine, the removal of choice, and that is what has caused the furore – because the doctors, the gurus, are treating the public as though they are some kind of moronic mass who cannot make an informed decision for themselves."<ref name=WhyIOwe>{{cite news | author = Wakefield, Andrew | title = Why I owe it to parents to question triple vaccine | publisher = Sunday Herald | date = 2002-02-10 | url = http://www.sundayherald.com/22194 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20030803151022/http://www.sundayherald.com/22194 | archivedate = 2003-08-03 | accessdate = 2007-08-10 }}</ref>


===Aftermath of initial controversy===
===Aftermath of initial controversy===

Revision as of 19:43, 6 January 2011

Andrew Wakefield
Born1956 (age 67–68)
NationalityBritish
EducationKing Edward's School, Bath
Alma materSt Mary's Hospital Medical School, London
Occupation(s)Former surgeon, researcher
Known forMMR vaccine controversy

Andrew Wakefield (born 1956) is a former surgeon and British researcher best known for controversy over his claims of a causative connection between the MMR vaccine, autism and inflammatory bowel disease.

Four years after Wakefield's initial publication, a study by other researchers failed to confirm or reproduce Wakefield's findings.[1] Following a 2004 investigation by Sunday Times reporter Brian Deer identifying undisclosed financial conflicts of interest on Wakefield's part,[2] most of his coauthors withdrew their support for the study's interpretations.[3] The British General Medical Council (GMC) subsequently announced an inquiry into allegations of misconduct against Wakefield and two former colleagues.[4] The investigation centered on Deer's numerous findings, including that autistic children were subjected to unnecessary invasive medical procedures,[5] including colonoscopy and lumbar puncture, and that Wakefield acted without the required ethical approval from an institutional review board.

On 28 January 2010, a five-member statutory tribunal of the GMC found some three dozen charges proved, including four counts of dishonesty and 12 involving the abuse of developmentally-challenged children.[6] The panel ruled that Wakefield had "failed in his duties as a responsible consultant", acted against the interests of his patients, and acted "dishonestly and irresponsibly" in his controversial research.[7][8][9] The Lancet immediately and fully retracted his 1998 publication on the basis of the GMC's findings, noting elements of the manuscript had been falsified.[10] Wakefield was struck off the Medical Register in May 2010, and may no longer practice medicine in the UK.[11][12]

In January 2011, an article by Brian Deer and its accompanying editorial in BMJ described Wakefield's work as an "elaborate fraud".[13][14][15] However, by that time, Wakefield's study and public recommendations against use of the combined MMR vaccine were linked to a steep decline in vaccination rates in the United Kingdom and a corresponding rise in measles cases, including two fatalities.[16][17]

Personal life and career

Wakefield's father was a neurologist and his mother was a general practitioner.[18] After leaving the independent King Edward's School, Bath,[19] Wakefield studied medicine at St Mary's Hospital Medical School[18] (now Imperial College School of Medicine), fully qualifying in 1981. He became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1985 and continued his studies under a Wellcome Trust travelling fellowship at the University of Toronto in Canada, where he worked as a transplant surgeon, specialising in small intestine transplantation.[20]

At the time of his MMR research study, Wakefield was senior lecturer and honorary consultant in experimental gastroenterology at the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine (from 2008 UCL Medical School). From 1997, he was reader in experimental gastroenterology.[21][unreliable source?] He resigned in 2001.[22] In 1995, while conducting research into Crohn's disease, he was approached by Rosemary Kessick, the parent of an autistic child, who was seeking help with her son's bowel problems and autism.[23] Kessick ran a group, Allergy Induced Autism,[24] which focused on the effects of diet on autistic children's behavior.

Wakefield served as the executive director of Thoughtful House Center for Children, a center for the study of autism in Austin, Texas. Wakefield resigned from Thoughtful House in February 2010, after the British General Medical Council found that he had been "dishonest and irresponsible" in conducting his earlier autism research in England.[25] He is no longer licensed in the UK as a physician,[12] and is not licensed in the US.[26]

MMR controversy

Main article: MMR vaccine controversy

In February 1998, a paper written by Wakefield and 12 other doctors about 12 autism spectrum children was published in the Lancet.[27] Although the paper said that no causal connection had been proven, Wakefield called for suspension of the triple MMR vaccine until more research could be done, at a press conference and in a video news release issued by the hospital.[28]

He said, "If you give three viruses together, three live viruses, then you potentially increase the risk of an adverse event occurring, particularly when one of those viruses influences the immune system in the way that measles does." He suggested parents should opt for single jabs against measles, mumps and rubella, separated by gaps of one year.

The paper described what its authors suggested was a new syndrome, raising the possibility of a link between a novel form of bowel disease, autism, and the MMR vaccine. In the study's "findings", the authors noted that the parents of eight of the twelve children linked what were described as "behavioural symptoms" with MMR, and in its "results" reported that the onset of these symptoms began within two weeks of MMR vaccination. In the published Lancet summary, known as the "interpretation", the authors wrote:

"We identified associated gastrointestinal disease and developmental regression in a group of previously normal children, which was generally associated in time with possible environmental triggers."

These possible triggers were reported to be MMR in eight cases, and measles infection in one. The paper was instantly controversial, leading to widespread publicity in the UK and the convening of a special panel of the UK's Medical Research Council the following month.[29] One study done based in Japan found that there was no causal relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism in groups of children given the vaccine and children who did not receive the MMR vaccine, after it was stopped from being administered to children in 1993.[30]

The controversy escalated as the UK government declined to introduce single-jab alternatives (which would have required licenced products to become available), based on the contention most closely associated with Dr David Salisbury, UK director of immunisation, that the risk of prolonging the period before children were immunised against all three diseases was greater than any credible risk of harm from combining them. Single vaccines, spaced a year apart, would expose children to greater risk of infection, as well as additional distress and expense. He stated that no evidence had been produced upon which to adopt such a policy.

In December 2001, Wakefield resigned from the Royal Free Hospital, saying, "I have been asked to go because my research results are unpopular."[22] The medical school said that he had left "by mutual agreement." In February 2002, Wakefield stated, "What precipitated this crisis was the removal of the single vaccine, the removal of choice, and that is what has caused the furore – because the doctors, the gurus, are treating the public as though they are some kind of moronic mass who cannot make an informed decision for themselves."[31]

Aftermath of initial controversy

Wakefield continued conducting clinical research in the USA after leaving the Royal Free Hospital in December 2001. He joined a controversial American researcher, Jeffrey Bradstreet, at the International Child Development Resource Center, to conduct further studies on the possible relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism.[32]

In 2004, Wakefield started work at the Thoughtful House research center in Austin, Texas.[33] Wakefield served as Executive Director of Thoughtful House until February 2010, when he resigned in the wake of findings against him by the British General Medical Council.[25][34]

Controversy resurfaces

In February 2004, controversy resurfaced when Wakefield was accused of a conflict of interest. The Sunday Times reported that some of the parents of the 12 children in the Lancet study were recruited via a UK lawyer preparing a lawsuit against MMR manufacturers, and that the Royal Free Hospital had received £55,000 from the UK's Legal Aid Board (now the Legal Services Commission) to pay for the research.[35] Previously, in October 2003, the board had cut off public funding for the litigation against MMR manufacturers.[36] Following an investigation of The Sunday Times allegations by the UK General Medical Council, Wakefield was charged with serious professional misconduct, including dishonesty.[37] The GMC opened the hearings in the summer of 2007 and, after the prosecution case was presented, continued the proceedings with the defense presentation in March 2008.

In December 2006, the Sunday Times further reported that in addition to the money they gave the Royal Free Hospital, the lawyers responsible for the MMR lawsuit had paid Wakefield personally more than £400,000, which he had not previously disclosed.[38]

Retraction of an interpretation

Twenty-four hours before the 2004 Sunday Times report, the Lancet responded to the investigation in a public statement, describing Wakefield's research as "fatally flawed". The Lancet's editor said he believed the paper would have been rejected as biased if the peer reviewers had been aware of Wakefield's conflict of interest.[39] Ten of Wakefield's twelve co-authors of the Lancet paper later published a retraction of an interpretation:[40] The section of the paper retracted read as follows:

"Interpretation. We identified associated gastrointestinal disease and developmental regression in a group of previously normal children, which was generally associated in time with possible environmental triggers."

The retraction stated:[40]

"We wish to make it clear that in this paper no causal link was established between (the) vaccine and autism, as the data were insufficient. However the possibility of such a link was raised, and consequent events have had major implications for public health. In view of this, we consider now is the appropriate time that we should together formally retract the interpretation placed upon these findings in the paper, according to precedent."[41]

Wakefield v Channel 4 and others

In November 2004, Channel 4 broadcast a one-hour Dispatches investigation by reporter Brian Deer, which, among other things, alleged that before the Lancet paper was published, Wakefield had filed a patent application[42] for a single measles vaccine. Additionally, his laboratory had failed to find measles virus in the children.[43]

In January 2005, Wakefield initiated libel proceedings against Channel 4, the independent production company Twenty Twenty and Brian Deer. At the same time, Wakefield issued libel proceedings against The Sunday Times, and against Deer personally over his website briandeer.com. Within weeks of issuing his claims, however, Wakefield sought to have the action frozen until after the conclusion of General Medical Council proceedings against him. Fighting back, Channel 4 and Deer obtained a High Court order compelling Wakefield to continue with his action, or discontinue it. After a hearing in court, Mr Justice David Eady ruled against Wakefield, accusing him of using legal moves "as a weapon in his attempts to close down discussion and debate over an important public issue," and stating:

"I am quite satisfied, therefore, that the Claimant wished to extract whatever advantage he could from the existence of the proceedings while not wishing to progress them or to give the Defendants an opportunity of meeting the claims."[44]

In pleadings submitted to the court, Channel 4's lawyers spelt out what they said Deer's programme had alleged. It said that Wakefield:

(i) Had dishonestly and irresponsibly spread fear that the MMR vaccine might cause autism in some children, even though he knew that his own laboratory's tests dramatically contradicted his claims and he knew or ought to have known that there was absolutely no scientific basis at all for his belief that MMR should be broken up into single vaccines.
(ii) In spreading such fear, also acted dishonestly and irresponsibly, by repeatedly failing to disclose conflicts of interest and/or material information, including his association with contemplated litigation against the manufacturers of MMR and his application for a patent for a vaccine for measles which, if effective, and if the MMR vaccine had been undermined and/or withdrawn on safety grounds, would have been commercially very valuable.
(iii) Caused medical colleagues serious unease by carrying out research tests on vulnerable children outside the terms or in breach of the permission given by an ethics committee, in particular by subjecting those children to highly invasive and sometimes distressing clinical procedures and thereby abusing them.
(iv) Has been unremittingly evasive and dishonest in an effort to cover up his wrong-doing.

Proceedings continued for two years. But in December 2006, Deer reported figures obtained from the Legal Services Commission showing that it had paid £435,643 in undisclosed fees to Wakefield over MMR[45]—payments which The Sunday Times reported had begun two years before the Lancet paper.[38]

Within days of Deer's report, Wakefield dropped all his libel actions,[46] and was required to pay all the defendants' legal costs.[47][48]

Other concerns

Other concerns regarding Wakefield were that an extension of his project caused life-threatening complications in one child, who received substantial compensation in an out-of-court settlement.[49] Wakefield's data were also questioned;[17] a former graduate student, who appeared in Deer's programme, later testified that Wakefield ignored laboratory data which conflicted with his hypothesis. An independent investigation of a collaborating laboratory questioned the accuracy of the data underpinning Wakefield's claims.[50]

In June 2005, the BBC program Horizon reported on an unpublished study examining blood samples from a group of 100 autistic children and 200 children without autism. They report finding 99% of the samples contained no trace of the measles virus, and the samples that did contain the virus were just as likely to be from non-autistic children. (i.e. only three samples contained the measles virus, one from an autistic child and two from a neuro-typical child) The study's authors found no evidence of any link between MMR and autism.[51] The BBC program also included interviews with Harvard pediatric gastroenterologist Timothy Buie, who stated that he did not believe any new bowel syndrome had been found in autistic children, and leading autism expert Lorna Wing, who said that she had seen no change in the presentation of developmental disorders in recent years.

The Institutes of Medicine (IOM),[52] along with the CDC, NIH, and Food and Drug Administration (and their British counterparts) continue to deny that any link has been found between vaccines and autism. While a number of epidemiological studies concluded there is no evidence of any link between MMR and autism or bowel disease, Wakefield and his collaborator Carol Stott contend one of these studies supports his thesis.[53]

Retractions, charges, and falsification

Medical license

Between July 2007 and May 2010, a 217-day "fitness to practise" hearing of the UK General Medical Council examined charges of professional misconduct against Wakefield and two colleagues involved in the Lancet paper.[54][55] The charges included that he:

  • Was being paid to conduct the study by solicitors representing parents who believed their children had been harmed by MMR, and failed to disclose this in his application to the Ethical Practices Sub-Committee of the Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust.[21]
  • Ordered investigations "without the requisite paediatric qualifications".
  • Acted "dishonestly and irresponsibly" in failing to disclose how patients were recruited for the study, and that some were paid to take part.
  • Caused to be performed colonoscopies, colon biopsies and lumbar punctures ("spinal taps") on his research subjects without proper approval and contrary to the children's clinical interests, when these diagnostic tests were not indicated by the children's symptoms or medical history.
  • Conducted the study on a basis which was not approved by the hospital's ethics committee.
  • Purchased blood samples - for £5 each - from children present at his son's birthday party, as described by Wakefield himself in a videotaped public conference.

Wakefield denied the charges and began his defense on 27 March 2008.[56] However, on 28 January 2010, the GMC ruled against Wakefield on all issues, stating that he had "failed in his duties as a responsible consultant",[7] acted against the interests of his patients,[7] and "dishonestly and irresponsibly" in his controversial research.[8] On 24 May 2010 he was struck off the United Kingdom medical register.[57][58] On the same day, Wakefield published the autobiographical Callous Disregard,[59] (with foreword by Jenny McCarthy), arguing that he has been unfairly treated by the medical and scientific establishment.

Data fixing allegations

In February 2009, The Sunday Times reported that a further investigation by the newspaper had revealed that Wakefield "changed and misreported results in his research,[60] creating the appearance of a possible link with autism", citing evidence obtained by the newspaper from medical records and interviews with witnesses, and supported by evidence presented to the GMC.

In April 2010, Deer expanded on laboratory aspects of his findings in a report in the BMJ, recounting how normal clinical histopathology results generated by the Royal Free hospital were later changed in the medical school to abnormal results, published in The Lancet.[61]

Another feature by Deer, published in the January 5, 2011 edition of the BMJ, is titled "How the case against the MMR vaccine was fixed".[62] In an accompanying editorial by Fiona Godlee, BMJ editor in chief, Jane Smith, deputy editor, and Harvey Marcovitch, associate editor,[63] it is stated, "Clear evidence of falsification of data should now close the door on this damaging vaccine scare." The authors claim that it is not credible to assume error or execrable, but honest, research rather than duplicity:

"Who perpetrated this fraud? There is no doubt that it was Wakefield. Is it possible that he was wrong, but not dishonest: that he was so incompetent that he was unable to fairly describe the project, or to report even one of the 12 children’s cases accurately? No."[64]

Retractions

On 2 February 2010 the Lancet formally retracted Wakefield's 1998 paper.[65][66] The retraction states that "the claims in the original paper that children were 'consecutively referred' and that investigations were 'approved' by the local ethics committee have been proven to be false".[10]

The following day the editor of a specialist journal, Neurotoxicology, withdrew another Wakefield paper that was in press. The article, which concerned research on monkeys, had already been published online and sought to implicate vaccines in autism.[67]

In May 2010, the American Journal of Gastroenterology retracted a paper of Wakefield's that used data from the 12 patients of the Lancet article.[68]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Deer, Brian (2004-02-22). "Revealed: MMR research scandal". The Times. London. {{cite news}}: Text "accessdate 2010-03-02" ignored (help); Text "publisher The Sunday Times" ignored (help)
  3. ^ McKee, Maggie (2004-03-04). "Controversial MMR and autism study retracted". New Scientist. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  4. ^ "MMR doctor 'to face GMC charges'". BBC News. 2006-06-12. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
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  7. ^ a b c "MMR-row doctor failed in his duties". Yorkshire Evening Post. January 28, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
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  9. ^ "Andrew Wakefield found 'irresponsible' by GMC over MMR vaccine scare", guardian.co.uk, 28 January 2010
  10. ^ a b The Editors Of The Lancet (2010). "Retraction--Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children". Lancet. 375 (9713): 445. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60175-4. PMID 20137807. {{cite journal}}: |last1= has generic name (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ^ Meikle, James; Boseley, Sarah (2010-05-24). "MMR row doctor Andrew Wakefield struck off register". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
  12. ^ a b http://www.gmc-uk.org/doctors/register/LRMP.asp
  13. ^ Godlee F, Smith J, Marcovitch H (2011). "Wakefield's article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent". BMJ. 342:c7452: c7452. doi:10.1136/bmj.c7452.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  15. ^ Rose, David (2010-02-03). "Lancet journal retracts Andrew Wakefield MMR scare paper". Times Online. London. Archived from the original on 2010-02-03.
  16. ^ Ross, Emma (2003-10-31). "Brit Parents Wary Of Vaccine". CBS News. Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  17. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference truth was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ a b Goddard A (2004-02-27). "In the news: Andrew Wakefield = Times Higher Education Supplement".
  19. ^ "Verdict on MMR doctor". The Bath Chronicle. 2010-01-28. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  20. ^ Smith, Rebecca (2010-01-29). "Andrew Wakefield - the man behind the MMR controversy". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
  21. ^ a b "FACTS WWSM 280110 Final Complete Corrected". Scribd.com. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
  22. ^ a b Fraser, Lorraine (2001-12-02). "Anti-MMR doctor is forced out". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
  23. ^ Grania Langdon-Down (1996-11-27). "Law: A shot in the dark; The complications from vaccine damage seem to multiply in the courtroom" (Reprint). The Independent. p. 25. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  24. ^ Home page. Autism Medical. Retrieved on 2007-11-10.
  25. ^ a b Roser, Mary Ann (February 18, 2010). "British doctor resigns as head of Austin autism center". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
  26. ^ MMR scare doctor Andrew Wakefield makes fortune in US (The Times, 14 Feb 2009)
  27. ^ Wakefield AJ, Murch SH, Anthony A; et al. (1998). "Ileal-lymphoid-nodular hyperplasia, non-specific colitis, and pervasive developmental disorder in children". Lancet. 351 (9103): 637–41. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11096-0. PMID 9500320. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ "Interview: Dr Andrew Wakefield, research team leader, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine". Brian Deer. 1998-02-04. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  29. ^ "Wakefield misled top UK medical research hearing over where he got MMR children (MRC documents)". Brian Deer. 1998-03-23. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  30. ^ Honda H, Shimizu Y, Rutter M ' No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study (2005). "No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study". J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 46 (6): 572–9. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01425.x. PMID 15877763. Retrieved 2009-11-10.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Wakefield, Andrew (2002-02-10). "Why I owe it to parents to question triple vaccine". Sunday Herald. Archived from the original on 2003-08-03. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  32. ^ "Brian Deer investigates MMR - Wakefield links". Briandeer.com. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
  33. ^ Harlow, John (2008-09-28). "MMR row doctor Andrew Wakefield spreads fear to US". London. Retrieved 2010-04-25. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |Date= ignored (|date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Work= ignored (|work= suggested) (help)
  34. ^ Jones, Aidan (2010-02-19). "MMR vaccine doctor Andrew Wakefield quits autism centre". London. Retrieved 2010-04-25. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |Date= ignored (|date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Work= ignored (|work= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ Deer, Brian (2004-02-22). "Revealed: MMR Research Scandal" (Reprint). The Sunday Times (London). Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  36. ^ "Taxpayer cash for MMR action is stopped after £15m that stoked fear was spent". Brian Deer. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  37. ^ Deer, Brian (2005-09-11). "MMR Scare Doctor Faces List of Charges". The Sunday Times (London). Retrieved 2009-03-29.
  38. ^ a b Brian Deer (2006-12-31). "MMR doctor given legal aid thousands". London: Times Online. Retrieved 2007-08-10. {{cite news}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  39. ^ "Lead researcher defends MMR study". BBC News. 2004-02-22. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  40. ^ a b Murch SH, Anthony A, Casson DH; et al. (2004). "Retraction of an interpretation". Lancet. 363 (9411): 750. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15715-2. PMID 15016483. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ Emma Ross (2004-03-03). "Scientists retract interpretation of research linking vaccine with autism" (Reprint). Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  42. ^ "Revealed: the first Wakefield MMR patent claim describes "safer measles vaccine"". Brian Deer. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  43. ^ "Molecular testing in Wakefield's own lab rebutted the basis for his attack on MMR". Brian Deer. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  44. ^ "Approved Judgment in the case of Andrew Wakefield vs. Channel Four Television Corporation, Twenty Twenty Productions Ltd., and Brian Deer". British and Irish Legal Information Institute. 2005-11-04. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  45. ^ "Revealed: undisclosed payments to Andrew Wakefield at the heart of vaccine alarm". Brian Deer. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  46. ^ Deer, Brian. "Wakefield drops libel claim over Channel 4 investigation, and agrees to pay costs". Brian Deer. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
  47. ^ "MMR Doc drops libel case versus Channel Four". Press Gazette. 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
  48. ^ Dyer C (2007). "Andrew Wakefield drops libel case against Channel 4". BMJ. 334 (7584): 60. doi:10.1136/bmj.39090.395509.DB. PMC 1767245. PMID 17218681. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  49. ^ Ellis, Rachel (2007-12-10). "£500,000 for boy left fighting for life after being used as MMR guinea pig". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
  50. ^ Begley, Sharon (February 21, 2009). "Anatomy of a Scare". Newsweek. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  51. ^ "Does the MMR Jab Cause Autism? The latest scientific evidence". BBC Horizon. Retrieved 2007-08-10. {{cite news}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  52. ^ Immunization Safety Review Committee (2004). Immunization Safety Review: Vaccines and Autism. Institute of Medicine. ISBN 0309532752. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  53. ^ "Japanese study is the strongest evidence yet for a link between MMR and autism" (Press release). Wakefield AJ, Stott CM. 2005. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
  54. ^ "MMR scare doctor 'paid children'". BBC News. 2007-07-16. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  55. ^ General Medical Council Press Office (2007-10-08). "Dr Andrew Wakefield, Professor John Walker-Smith, Professor Simon Murch: Fitness to Practise Hearings" (Press release). General Medical Council press office. Archived from the original on 2007-10-27.
  56. ^ "MMR doctor to begin his defence". BBC News. 27 March 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2011.
  57. ^ Nick Triggle (24 May 2010). "MMR doctor struck off register". BBC Online. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
  58. ^ James Meikle, Sarah Boseley (24 May 2010). "MMR row doctor Andrew Wakefield struck off register". London: guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2010.
  59. ^ Andrew J. Wakefield (2010). Callous Disregard. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 1616081694. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |day= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  60. ^ Deer B (2009-02-08). "MMR doctor Andrew Wakefield fixed data on autism". Sunday Times. London. Retrieved 2009-02-09.
  61. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1136/bmj.c1127, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1136/bmj.c1127 instead.
  62. ^ Deer B (2011). "How the case against the MMR vaccine was fixed". BMJ. 342: c5347. doi:10.1136/bmj.c5347.
  63. ^ Godlee, Fiona, Jane Smith and Harvey Marcovitch (2011). "Wakefield's article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent". BMJ. Retrieved 2011-01-05.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  64. ^ Wakefield’s article linking MMR vaccine and autism was fraudulent, BMJ 2011; 342:c7452.
  65. ^ Vaccine-Autism Study Is Retracted. New York Times, February 2, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2010.
  66. ^ Medical journal retracts study linking autism to vaccine. CNN, February 2, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2010.
  67. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2009.09.008, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2009.09.008 instead.
  68. ^ Wakefield, A J; Anthony, A; Murch, S H; Thomson, M; Montgomery, S M; Davies, S; O'Leary, J J; Berelowitz, M; Walker-Smith, J A (2010). "Retraction: Enterocolitis in Children With Developmental Disorders". The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 105: 1214. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.149.

External links

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