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UNNATURAL CAUSES: Is Inequality Making Us Sick? is a four-hour documentary series, broadcast nationally on PBS in spring 2008, that examines the role of social determinants of health in creating health inequities (also known as health inequalities or health disparities) in the United States. Based on extensive research by a wide variety of academics, public health experts, and medical practitioners, the seven-part series explores how class and racism can have greater impacts on one's health outcomes than genetics or personal behavior.

The opening 56-minute episode, In Sickness and In Wealth, presents the series’ overarching themes. Each supporting half-hour episode, set in a different ethnic/racial community, provides a deeper exploration of how social conditions affect population health and how some communities are extending their lives by improving them.

Episode descriptions

Episode 1: In Sickness and In Wealth (56 min.)

Produced by: Christine Herbes-Sommers and Llewellyn M. Smith; Co-produced by: Julie Crawford; Directed by: Llewellyn M. Smith

The first hour of the series presents a general framework for understanding the relevance of social determinants of health in creating health inequities in the United States. The episode introduces the U.S.’s poor health statistics compared to other wealthy industrialized countries, then presents research from Michael Marmot’s Whitehall studies, which found that health status and wealth correlate on a continuous gradient from the poor to the wealthy. To understand why this gradient exists, the program looks at the negative health effects of chronic stress, and at evidence that those lower on the social spectrum suffer more from exposure to “toxic stress.” Throughout the program, these fairly academic and complex arguments about stress, class, and health are humanized through the stories of four residents of Louisville, Kentucky, from four different socio-economic levels. Through looking at the lives of a hospital CEO, a lab supervisor, a janitor, and an unemployed mother, the program illustrates how stress increases and control over one’s life decreases as one moves down the socio-economic ladder, with very real consequences for health.

The program includes interviews with the following experts: Nicholas Christakis ( Medical Sociologist, Harvard University), Sheldon Cohen (Psychologist, Carnegie Mellon University), Ana Diez Roux ( Epidemiologist, University of Michigan), Tony Iton (Director, Alameda County Public Health Dept.), Ichiro Kawachi (Epidemiologist, Harvard School of Public Health), Nancy Krieger ( Social Epidemiologist, Harvard School of Public Health), Michael Marmot (Epidemiologist, University College London), Bruce McEwen (Neuroscientist, Rockefeller University), Carol Shively ( Comparative Psychologist, Wake Forest University), Jack P. Shonkoff (Pediatrician, Harvard Center on the Developing Child), S. Leonard Syme (Epidemiologist, UC Berkeley), Adewale Troutman (Director, Louisville Metro Public Health & Wellness), and David Williams (Sociologist, Harvard School of Public Health).

Episode 2: When the Bough Breaks (27 min.)

Produced by: Tracy Heather Strain, Randall MacLowry, and Eric Stange; Directed by Tracy Heather Strain

This episode examines the phenomenon that African American women, on average, are significantly more likely to give birth to premature and/or low-weight babies than white women, even when studies control for factors like income and education. Interviews with neonatologists James Collins (Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago) and Richard David ( Stroger Hospital of Cook County) present the theory that this inequality could be due in part to lifelong exposure to the chronic stress of racism. After providing evidence against genetic causes for the disparity, the program further explores how exposure to racism might affect health. Obstetrician Michael Lu ( UCLA School of Medicine) discusses the “ life course model,” which posits that an individual’s health is determined not only by genetics and current circumstances, but by all circumstances experienced since conception (and even before). The negative physiological effects of chronic stress during pregnancy are discussed, and interviews with David Williams (Sociologist, Harvard School of Public Health), Camara Phyllis Jones (Physician and Social Epidemiologist, CDC), Nancy Krieger (Social Epidemiologist, Harvard School of Public Health), Carol Hogue (Epidemiologist, Emory University), and Fleda Jackson (Psychologist, Emory University) explore the legacy and persistence of racism against African Americans in the United States.

The episode weaves in the personal story of Kim Anderson, a well-paid African American lawyer in good health, who “did everything right,” but still delivered her first child two and a half months early.

Episode 3: Becoming American (27 min.)

Produced and directed by: Patricia Garcia Rios and Maria Teresa Rodriguez

This episode discusses the phenomenon that new Latino immigrants, though often poor, generally have better health than the average American. Evidence that social ties are good for health is considered as a possible factor in this health advantage, sometimes called the "Latino Paradox."

Episode 4: Bad Sugar (27 min.)

Produced and directed by: James M. Fortier (Métis-Ojibway); Co-produced by: Sativa January

This episode examines the very high rates of diabetes among the Pima Indians of southwest Arizona. As forty years of research have produced no evidence of a genetic cause, the program how the tribe’s diet changed dramatically when the diversion of water from their reservation river to white farmers and cities made them dependent on government food programs to survive.

Episode 5: Place Matters (27 min.)

Produced and directed by Ellie Lee

This episode considers the importance of neighborhood environments (such as pollution, violence, parks, and schools) to health. The program first travels to Richmond, California, to meet Gwai Boonkeut, a Laotian immigrant in his forties who recently suffered a major heart attack. Looking at the urban blight, lack of services, pollution, and violence endemic to Richmond since its post-WWII decline, the show considers how a neighborhood environment may limit healthy choices and contribute to chronic stress for its residents. Interviews with scholars and community action groups also present evidence that the poor state of many of the country's inner cities arose from historical factors and government housing policies that favored the white middle class. The program then travels to Seattle to see how community activists, public health officials, and others came together to transform the High Point neighborhood.

Episode 6: Collateral Damage (27 min.)

Directed and produced by: Eric Stange; Co-produced by: Kimberlee Bassford

Episode 7: Not Just a Paycheck (29 min.)

Directed and produced by James Rutenbeck; Co-produced by Franziska Blome

Public reaction

The producers of UNNATURAL CAUSES undertook a public engagement campaign in collaboration with the Joint Center...

Picked up by organizations and health departments as educational and mobilizing tool

Production and distribution

UNNATURAL CAUSES was produced by the San Francisco-based non-profit California Newsreel, in collaboration with Boston-based Vital Pictures. The series was scheduled for national PBS broadcast March 27 through April 17, 2008, and shown by 180 affiliate stations. California Newsreel distributes the series on DVD.

External links

• UNNATURAL CAUSES companion site
• PBS companion site