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| Species: | E. pisciphila
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Exophiala pisciphila is an endophyte fungus of the ascomycetes[1] and occasional opportunistic pathogen of several known fish species (including the smooth channel catfish from which it was isolated[2]) and immunocompromised humans. It belongs to a grouping of darkly pigmented fungi known as a dematiaceous fungi[3] and exhibits characteristic darkly coloured cell walls[1] due to melanin pigments. This species reproduces asexually[1] by conidia and yeast-like cells. The conidia of E. pisciphila can arise upon numerous structures along its continually growing hyphae, its annellides, or even from the surface of pre-existing conidia[1]. These microconidia species are characterized as clustering upon formation with a secretion of a mucous-like substance produced by the fungus[1].
Morphology[edit]
As determined by culture studies, a substrate preference for simple sugars produces the best fungal colonization upon media such as potato dextrose agar (PDA)[2] or malt agar (MA)[1] and despite the slow growth, most sugar-based media did facilitate colony development. E. pisciphila forms floccose colonies of olive-black colour with a black reverse[1]. Close examination of structural anatomy of mycelia show role-like bundles of hyphae the extend upward and can suspend within their bundles clusters of single-celled yellow-brown conidia[1].
Ecology[edit]
E. pisciphila is an endophytic species which forms a network association that spans distance enough to form symbiosis with several root systems at once[4]. As an endophyte, E. pisciphila associated tightly with the epidermis and cortex of the plant root in a commensal symbiosis[5]. The high melanin concentration of the DSEs does however allow them to exploit a niche in colonizing root systems in close proximity to sources of heavy metal soil deposits[5]. The species aids its symbiont by shunting the metals away from the plant roots[6].
Medical relevance[edit]
As a pathogen, E. pisciphila appears to be opportunistic in all described cases, thus far limited to several fish species[1] and immunocompromised humans[7]. The few confirmed cases (in addition to a current lack of any species-level identification antigen[7]) make it a challenge to clinically confirm a case of illness as a consequence of E. pisciphila. It was, in fact, originally discovered when isolated and misidentified as a case of E. salmonis in channel catfish. Cases of Exophiala pisciphila infection in humans constitute any or several of the following symptoms[7][3]:
Study related to this species of fungus is not limited to the pathogenicity of E. pisciphila infection, preliminary studies have screened and isolated a number of secondary metabolites] that may have biomedical applications. Among these are: exophilic acid[8] and exophilin A[9], proteins which have demonstrable HIV-1 integrase inhibition and antibiotic activity, respectively. This is in addition to a pair of cytotoxic polyketides[10] of unknown cellular function. Further research will determine the applications, if any, of these biomolecules in disease or drug discovery
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Gaskins, J; Cheung, P (1975). "Exophiala". Mycopathologia. 93 (3): 173–184. doi:10.1007/BF00443521.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b Ajello, Libero; McGinnis, Michael (1974). "A new species of Exophiala isolated from channel catfish". Mycologia. 63 (3): 518–520. doi:10.2307/3758495.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b McGough, Deanna (1993). "Clinical and laboratory aspects of the "black yeasts"". Clinical Microbiology Newsletter. 15 (19): 145–151. doi:10.1016/0196-4399(93)90038-O.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Zhang, Yujie; Zhang, Yan; Liu, Maojun; Shi, Xiaodong; Zhao, Zhiwei (2008). "Dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungi isolated from metalc polluted soils: Their taxonomic position, tolerance, and accumulation of heavy metals in vitro". The Journal of Microbiology. 46 (6): 624–632. doi:10.1007/s12275-008-0163-6.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b Li, T; Liu, M; Zhang, X; Zhang, H; Sha, T; Zhao, Z (2011). "Improved tolerance of maize (Zea mays L.) to heavy metals by colonization of a dark septate endophyte (DSE) Exophiala pisciphila". Science of the Total Environment. 409 (6): 1069–1074. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.12.012.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Zhan, Fangdong; He, Yongmei; Zun, Yanqun; Li, Tao; Zhao, Zhiwei (2011). "Characterization of melanin isolated from a dark septate endophyte (DSE), Exophiala pisciphila". World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 27 (10): 2483–2489. doi:10.1007/s11274-011-0712-8.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b c Sughayer, Maher; DeGirolami, Paola; Khettry, Urmila; Korzeniowski, Denise; Grumney, Anne; Pasarell, Lester; McGinnis, Michael (1991). "Human infection caused by Exophiala pisciphila: Case report and review". Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 13 (3): 379–382.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Ondeyka, John; Zink, Deborah; Dombrowski, Anne; Polishook, Jon; Felock, Peter; Hazuda, Daria; Singh, Sheo (2003). "Isolation, structure, and HIV-1 integrase inhibitory activity of exophillic acid, a novel fungal metabolite from Exophiala pisciphila". The. Journal of Antibiotics. 56 (12): 1018–1023. doi:10.7164/antibiotics.56.1018.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Doshida, Junko; Hasegawa, Hiroshi; Onuki, Hiroyuki; Shimidzu, Nobuyoshi (1996). "Exophilin A, a new antibiotic from a marine microorganism Exophiala pisciphila". The Journal of Antibiotics. 49 (11): 1105–1109. doi:10.7164/antibiotics.49.1105.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Wang, Cui-Cui; Liu, Hai-Zhou; Liu, Ming; Zhang, Yu-Yan; Li, Tian-Tian; Lin, Xiu-Kun (2011). "Cytotoxic metabolites from the soil-derived fungus Exophiala pisciphila". Molecules. 16 (4): 2796–2801. doi:10.3390/molecules16042796.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)