User:Mr. Ibrahem/Omphalocele
| Omphalocele | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Omphalocoele, exomphalos |
 | |
| Dawing of an omphalocele | |
| Pronunciation |
|
| Specialty | Pediatrics, medical genetics |
| Symptoms | Intestines, liver or other organs stick out through the belly button[1] |
| Complications | Infection, insufficient blood flow, small lungs[1] |
| Usual onset | In the uterus[2] |
| Causes | Unclear[1] |
| Risk factors | Alcohol, smoking, obesity, certain medications[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Before birth (blood tests, ultrasound), after birth[1] |
| Differential diagnosis | Gastroschisis, hernias of the umbilical cord[2] |
| Treatment | Surgery, gradual reduction over time[1] |
| Prognosis | 80% survival[2] |
| Frequency | 1 in 4,200 births[1] |
Omphalocele is a birth defect of the abdominal wall in which the intestines, liver or other organs stick out through the belly button.[1] The organs are covered in a thin and nearly clear sac.[1] Complications may include infection, insufficient blood flow, and small lungs.[1]
The cause is generally unclear.[1] Risk factors include alcohol, smoking, obesity, and certain medications.[1] It may be associated with other syndromes including Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, trisomy 13, trisomy 18, trisomy 21, or pentalogy of Cantrell.[2] The underlying mechanism involves failure of the intestines to return to the abdomen by the 11th week of pregnancy.[1] Diagnosis may occur before birth via blood tests or an ultrasound or after birth.[1]
Management depends on the size of the omphalocele.[1] If small, surgery may be done soon after birth.[1] If large, the organs may be covered with a special material and slowly pushed back in over time.[1] Mechanical ventilation may be required to support poorly developed lungs.[2] Long term survival is about 80% with the outcome mostly determined by associated abnormalities.[2]
Omphalocele occurs in about 1 in 4,200 births.[1] Males are affected more often than females.[2] The condition was first described in the 16th century by Ambrose Pare.[3] The condition was clearly differentiated from gastroschisis in 1953.[3]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Facts about Omphalocele | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 5 December 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g Zahouani, T; Mendez, MD (January 2020). "Omphalocele". PMID 30085552.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b MD, Robert Wyllie; MD, Jeffrey S. Hyams; MD, Marsha Kay (2015). Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 654. ISBN 978-0-323-24099-4.