User:Mr. Ibrahem/Sjögren syndrome

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Sjögren–Larsson syndrome nor Marinesco–Sjögren syndrome.
Sjögren syndrome
Other namesSjögren's syndrome, sicca syndrome
Image with a microscope of focal lymphoid infiltration in the minor salivary gland associated with Sjögren syndrome.
Pronunciation
SymptomsDry mouth, dry eyes, other areas of dryness[2]
ComplicationsLymphoma[2]
Usual onsetMiddle age[2][3]
DurationLong term[4]
CausesAutoimmune disease (unknown cause)[4]
Diagnostic methodTissue biopsy, blood tests[2]
Differential diagnosisMedication side effect, anxiety, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis[5]
TreatmentArtificial tears, medications to reduce inflammation, surgery[4]
PrognosisNormal life expectancy[6]
Frequency~0.7%[7]

Sjögren syndrome (SjS, SS) is a long-term autoimmune disease that affects the body's moisture-producing glands.[4] Primary symptoms are a dry mouth and dry eyes.[2] Other symptoms can include dry skin, vaginal dryness, a chronic cough, numbness in the arms and legs, feeling tired, muscle and joint pains, and thyroid problems.[4] Those affected are also at an increased risk (5%) of lymphoma.[2][7]

While the exact cause is unclear, it is believed to involve a combination of genetics and an environmental trigger such as exposure to a virus or bacteria.[4] It can occur independently of other health problems (primary Sjögren syndrome) or as a result of another connective tissue disorder (secondary Sjögren syndrome).[3] The inflammation that results progressively damages the glands.[7] Diagnosis is by biopsy of moisture-producing glands and blood tests looking for specific antibodies.[2] On biopsy there are typically lymphocytes within the glands.[2]

Treatment is directed at the person's symptoms.[4] For dry eyes artificial tears, medications to reduce inflammation, punctal plugs, or surgery to shut the tear ducts may be tried.[4] For a dry mouth, chewing gum (preferably sugar-free), sipping water, or a saliva substitute may be used.[4] In those with joint or muscle pain, ibuprofen may be used.[4] Medications that can cause dryness, such as antihistamines, may also be stopped.[4]

The disease was described in 1933 by Henrik Sjögren, after whom it is named; however, a number of earlier descriptions of people with the symptoms exist.[3] Between 0.2% and 1.2% of the population are affected, with half having the primary form and half the secondary form.[7] Females are affected about ten times as often as are males.[3] Though the disease commonly begins in middle age, anyone can be affected.[2][3] Among those without other autoimmune disorders, life expectancy is unchanged.[6]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Elsevier, Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, Elsevier, archived from the original on 2014-01-11, retrieved 2014-06-17.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Brito-Zerón, P; Baldini, C; Bootsma, H; Bowman, SJ; Jonsson, R; Mariette, X; Sivils, K; Theander, E; Tzioufas, A; Ramos-Casals, M (7 July 2016). "Sjögren syndrome". Nature Reviews. Disease Primers. 2: 16047. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.47. PMID 27383445.
  3. ^ a b c d e Ng, Wan-Fai (2016). Sjogren's Syndrome. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–11. ISBN 9780198736950. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "What Is Sjögren's Syndrome? Fast Facts". NIAMS. November 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  5. ^ Ferri, Fred F. (2010). Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. p. Chapter S. ISBN 978-0323076999.
  6. ^ a b Singh, AG; Singh, S; Matteson, EL (March 2016). "Rate, risk factors and causes of mortality in patients with Sjögren's syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies". Rheumatology. 55 (3): 450–60. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kev354. PMC 5009445. PMID 26412810.
  7. ^ a b c d John H., Klippel (2008). Primer on the rheumatic diseases (13th ed.). New York, New York: Springer. p. 389. ISBN 9780387685663. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mr._Ibrahem/Sjögren_syndrome&oldid=1172182723"