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Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) is a psychotherapy created in Germany in the early 2000s [1]. NET is supposed to be a culturally sensitive short-term psychotherapy versatile for implementation in difficult or precarious settings. It was developed with the focus to treat trauma-related mental disorders. The development of NET as a psychotherapy has been closely related with the non-profit vivo international e.V. [2] and the University of Konstanz, where its founders established their professional careers. This particular circumstance allowed NET to be developed with a strong support from empirical research done in various contexts. As such, NET has also been translated into several languages (see some references here [3]), and studies have adapted NET in different parts of the world, particularly in Africa [4] [5] [6] [7] [8].

Origin[edit]

[to be added]

Key elements[edit]

Lifeline[edit]

NET is conducted around the use of the lifeline, which serves as both a reference point for the therapist and the patient during the therapy. Different symbols are used to reconstitute the patient's lifeline, especially flowers and stones. Flowers are used to represent good/positive events, whereas stones are the bad/negative events of the patient's life. Size, shape and colour of symbols may also be used to indicate events with greater or lesser intensity or significance. It is up to the patient to decide on placing and choosing these symbols to reconstitute his/her lifeline. The biggest stones are then chosen to be dealt with, since they represent the greatest traumas that the patient need to reprocess or overcome.

Narration[edit]

Narrations are a product of the therapy. In the end of a therapy, the narration is read and given to the patient. It is supposed to be a representative summary of the patient's life, even including some details. Narrations are expected to be taken by the patient to help him/her overcome his trauma and mental problems. Narrations are helpful for the patient to re-process his/her memories of the past, particularly the trauma, and reorganize his/her thoughts, which should ultimately reduce the recurrence of bad memories that are responsible for the suffering of to the patient.

Adaptations[edit]

  • NET: aimed at a general public
  • KidNET: aimed at children and adolescents [9] [10] [11]
  • FORNET: aimed at perpetrators [12] [13] [14]
  • NETFacts: aimed at communities (under development)

Empirical evidence[edit]

Studies across the world have tested the efficacy of NET [15]. For example:

External links[edit]

https://www.vivo.org/en/narrative-expositionstherapie/

Criticism[edit]

Studies that clearly state a negative or non-existent effect of NET on treating mental disorders are rare to find in GoogleScholar searches. [to be added]

See also[edit]

References cited[edit]

  1. ^ Maggie Schauer, Frank Neuner, Thomas Elbert. (2011). Narrative exposure therapy: a short-term treatment for traumatic stress disorders. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe. ISBN 978-0-88937-388-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ https://www.vivo.org
  3. ^ https://www.vivo.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/NEU_1.-NET-studies-January-2019-ohne.pdf
  4. ^ Crombach, A., & Elbert, T. (2015). "Controlling offensive behavior using narrative exposure therapy: a randomized controlled trial of former street children". Clinical Psychological Science. 3: 270–282.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Hecker, T., Hermenau, K., Crombach, A., & Elbert, T. (2015). "Treating traumatized offenders and veterans by means of narrative exposure therapy". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 6: 80.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Hinsberger, M., Holtzhausen, L., Sommer, J., Kaminer, D., Elbert, T., Seedat, S., ... Weierstall, R. (2017). "Feasibility and effectiveness of narrative exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy in a context of ongoing violence in South Africa". Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 9: 282.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Koebach, A., Schaal, S., Hecker, T., & Elbert, T. (2015). "Psychotherapeutic intervention in the demobilization process: addressing combat‐related mental injuries with narrative exposure in a first and second dissemination stage". Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 24: 807–825.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Robjant, K., Koebach, A., Schmitt, S., Chibashimba, A., Carleial, S., & Elbert, T. (2019). "The treatment of posttraumatic stress symptoms and aggression in female former child soldiers using adapted Narrative Exposure therapy – a RCT in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 123: 103482.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Neuner, F., Catani, C., Ruf, M., Schauer, E., Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. (2008). "Narrative exposure therapy for the treatment of traumatized children and adolescents (KidNET): from neurocognitive theory to field intervention". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 17 (3): 641–664.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Ruf, M., Schauer, M., Neuner, F., Schauer, E., Catani, C., & Elbert, T. (2008). "KIDNET–Narrative Expositionstherapie (NET) für Kinder". Traumatherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. 1: 84–110.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Schauer, M., Neuner, F., & Elbert, T. (2017). "Narrative exposure therapy for children and adolescents (KIDNET)". Evidence-based treatments for trauma related disorders in children and adolescents. Springer, Cham. pp. 227–250.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Hecker, T., Hermenau, K., Crombach, A., & Elbert, T. (2015). "Treating traumatized offenders and veterans by means of narrative exposure therapy". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 6: 80.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Hermenau, K., Hecker, T., Schaal, S., Maedl, A., & Elbert, T. (2013). "Addressing post-traumatic stress and aggression by means of narrative exposure: a randomized controlled trial with ex-combatants in the Eastern DRC". Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. 22 (8): 916–934.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Robjant, K., Koebach, A., Schmitt, S., Chibashimba, A., Carleial, S., & Elbert, T. (2019). "The treatment of posttraumatic stress symptoms and aggression in female former child soldiers using adapted Narrative Exposure therapy – a RCT in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 123: 103482.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Robjant, K., & Fazel, M. (2010). "The emerging evidence for narrative exposure therapy: a review". Clinical Psychology Review. 30 (8): 1030–1039.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Crombach, A., & Siehl, S. (2018). "Impact and cultural acceptance of the Narrative Exposure Therapy in the aftermath of a natural disaster in Burundi". BMC Psychiatry. 18 (1): 233.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Crombach, A., & Elbert, T. (2015). "Controlling offensive behavior using narrative exposure therapy: a randomized controlled trial of former street children". Clinical Psychological Science. 3 (2): 270–282.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Robjant, K., Koebach, A., Schmitt, S., Chibashimba, A., Carleial, S., & Elbert, T. (2019). "The treatment of posttraumatic stress symptoms and aggression in female former child soldiers using adapted Narrative Exposure therapy – a RCT in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 123: 103482.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Hensel-Dittmann, D., Schauer, M., Ruf, M., Catani, C., Odenwald, M., Elbert, T., & Neuner, F. (2011). "Treatment of traumatized victims of war and torture: a randomized controlled comparison of narrative exposure therapy and stress inoculation training". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 80 (6): 345–352.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ Neuner, F., Kurreck, S., Ruf, M., Odenwald, M., Elbert, T., & Schauer, M. (2010). "Can asylum-seekers with posttraumatic stress disorder be successfully treated? A randomized controlled pilot study". Cognitive behaviour therapy. 39 (2): 81–91.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Ruf, M., Schauer, M., Neuner, F., Catani, C., Schauer, E., & Elbert, T. (2010). "Narrative exposure therapy for 7‐to 16‐year‐olds: A randomized controlled trial with traumatized refugee children". Journal of Traumatic Stress. 23 (4): 437–445.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Halvorsen, J. Ø., & Stenmark, H. (2010). "Narrative exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in tortured refugees: a preliminary uncontrolled trial". Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 51 (6): 495–502.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Bichescu, D., Neuner, F., Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. (2007). "Narrative exposure therapy for political imprisonment-related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and depression". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 45: 2212–2220.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Schaal, S., Elbert, T., & Neuner, F. (2009). "Narrative exposure therapy versus interpersonal psychotherapy". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 78 (5): 298–306.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Catani, C., Kohiladevy, M., Ruf, M., Schauer, E., Elbert, T., & Neuner, F. (2009). "Treating children traumatized by war and tsunami: a comparison between exposure therapy and meditation-relaxation in North-East Sri Lanka". BMC Psychiatry. 9 (1): 9.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Stenmark, H., Catani, C., Neuner, F., Elbert, T., & Holen, A. (2013). "Treating PTSD in refugees and asylum seekers within the general health care system. A randomized controlled multicenter study". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 51 (10): 641–647.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ^ Onyut, L. P., Neuner, F., Schauer, E., Ertl, V., Odenwald, M., Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. (2005). "Narrative Exposure Therapy as a treatment for child war survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: two case reports and a pilot study in an African refugee settlement". BMC Psychiatry. 5 (1): 7.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Neuner, F., Onyut, P. L., Ertl, V., Odenwald, M., Schauer, E., & Elbert, T. (2008). "Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder by trained lay counselors in an African refugee settlement: a randomized controlled trial". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 76 (4): 686.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Neuner, F., Schauer, M., Karunakara, U., Klaschik, C., Robert, C., & Elbert, T. (2004). "Psychological trauma and evidence for enhanced vulnerability for posttraumatic stress disorder through previous trauma among West Nile refugees". BMC Psychiatry. 4 (1): 1–7.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Category: Clinical research Category: Mental health Category: Psychology Category: Psychotherapy Category: Trauma and stressor related disorders

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